Indo-Pacific Critter Field Guide Gets an Update

The Ultimate Indo-Pacific critter list and online field guide just got better, with dozens of new entries.

By Scott Gietler

The underwater critter list and field guide has always been one of my favorite book pages in the Underwater Photography Guide. 

Since we saw so many fabulous macro and reef creatures during our Anilao underwater photography workshop, I decided to fill in some holes on the critter list.

 

Your friendly neighborhood Stargazer

 

About 25 new underwater photos were added, bringing the total to over 130 species.  New critters added include stargazer, napolean snake eel, pipehorse, crocodile flathead, boxer crab, and many others.

These species can be found throughout the indo-pacific region, especially the areas in our muck diving guide such as Anilao, Lembeh, Bali, Ambon, and others.

Updated Underwater Critter List

 

Mouthbrooding Cardinalfish

How to photograph mouthbrooding behavior

Text and Photos by Vijay Raman

Underwater photography of mouthbrooding Cardinalfish can be challenging and rewarding. On a recent visit to the Sabang Wrecks in Puerto Galera, Philippines, we found that a little patience can reward you with some interesting images of this unique marine life behavior.

Ringtailed Cardinalfish with eggs. 

Nikon D90, Nikon 105mmVR macro lens, ISO 200, 1/100th sec at f/16.

 

Understanding Behavior of Mouthbrooders

Like other Cardinalfish and several other types of fish, such as the Jawfish and many freshwater Cichlids, the Ringtailed Cardinalfish, Apogon aureus, is a mouthbrooder. Mouthbrooding occurs in several types of animals to include some frogs, but is most prevalent with fish. Infrequently it is the female or both sexes sharing the task of carrying the eggs during the incubation period, but usually, as is with Cardinalfish, it is the male alone who carries out these duties. Generally the female will release an egg mass close to the chosen male and after the male fertilizes the eggs, he will take them into his mouth to carry them during the incubation period, until the fry are ready to hatch. The male will generally be unable to eat during this incubation period. However, research in certain Cardinalfish species has shown that some males may show partial brood cannibalism, by eating up to 30% of it’s brood, during this period.

Male Cardinalfish rotating the egg mass

 

During this time the male Cardinalfish will open it’s mouth to rotate the egg mass on occasion, to keep the eggs clean and aerated. At times it will partially expel the eggs, during this process. It is this behavior, which is interesting to photograph. The egg mass starts out as a white bundle then turns a silvery color with the eyes of the fry becoming evident through the egg casing, towards the end of their development. To capture this behavior, it is best to use a longer macro lens, such as the 100mm or 105mm macro lens, to allow sufficient working distance for the fish to exhibit it’s natural behavior, without spooking it, yet still fill the frame. Every two to three minutes the pregnant male will open its jaw and rotate the egg mass before sucking it back into it’s mouth. You can spot the pregnant male by the extended pouch below its jaw.

Male Cardinalfish with extended throat pouch

 

Opening its mouth and showing eggs

 

Underwater Photography Tips for Mouthbrooders with Eggs

• During breeding season, the males have a pronounced buccal cavity or pouch below the jaw to hold the egg mass. Once you have spotted the males, look closely to find one that is carrying eggs. The larger the pouch, the more likely it is to be carrying eggs.
• When shooting with an SLR, use a longer focal length macro lens, such as a 100mm or 105mm macro lens, to allow more working distance. (See lens basics for more information)
• Find your subject and lock on to its location within the school. They usually do not move about too much, so it can be easy to focus on one subject for an extended period.
• Determine the proper settings to get the best exposure, prior to slowly moving in towards your subject, to prevent spooking them with too much movement. Use faster shutter speeds to capture the fast action.
• Keep your eye to the viewfinder and frequently refocus on your subject, when necessary and use the focus lock, to lock focus, to be able to take the shot quickly when the moment presents.
• Using a focus light can help to achieve faster focus.
• You may want to use burst or continuous release mode to get multiple exposures in rapid succession.
• Then it’s just a matter of waiting for that second or two when the moment presents and the fish releases the eggs from its mouth, to rotate and aerate the eggs, to capture the image.
• Remember… the moment only presents itself every 2 to 3 minutes, so it is important to have patience to be able to wait to get the shot.

 

 

 

Further Reading:

Mouthbrooder wikepedia article

Filial Cannibalism in the Paternal Mouthbrooding Cardinalfish

Sexual Difference in Buccal Morphology of the Paternal Mouthbrooding Cardinalfish

Guide to Anilao Diving for Underwater Photography

Ultimate underwater Critter List

 

 

Jellyfish Encounters in California

By Mike Bartick

 

Jellyfish are found in every ocean in the world. Also called a medusa in its adult stage, they can vary in colour and size, from transculent to opaque black or patterned like the Purple Striped jellyfish and from minuscule to a massive 450 pounds

 

 

 

 

 

Jellyfish fish are free swimming cnidarians, believed to have existed for 650 million years; before the first dinosaurs even hatched. Although their bodies look simple and unsophisticated, jellyfish structures are probably much more complex. With no life-sustaining organs as the heart, brain and blood, these drifters have survived some of the harshest conditions that Mother Nature has dished up. Without eyes, and with only chemosensory pits, their vision is limited to discerning light from dark. Nevertheless these beautiful creatures are frighteningly delicate - their bodies are comprised mainly of water and if removed from their aquatic home, they will undoubtedly collapse and die.

The body of these amazing invertebrates is made up of three major body
components:

1) The muscular bell or the umbrella-shaped top that is sometimes very
colorful as is the case with the Purple Striped Jellyfish.

2) The tentacles, which can extend and contract. The tentacles float out into the water column and possess spring-loaded nematocysts proteins that sting anything that may come into contact with them

3) Oral arms that enable the creature to begin the digestive process and supply food energy by consuming its prey. The digestive process is simple and each jelly has a hidden mouth under the bell called the gastrovascular cavity where prey is eventually consumed.

 

Jellyfish are totally symmetrical with no left or right side, which puts them
into a unique class all to themselves. All animals on earth have sides - birds, turtles, fish and even reptiles, but not jellyfish.

Jellies belong to the phylum cnidarian. Again, this group of animals are all radially symmetrical and they include corals, hydras, sea anemones and jellyfish.

There are approximately 200 true jellies that have been documented so far, including the Sea Nettle, Moon Jelly, Lion's Mane, Purple Striped and many
more. They ambulate through the water by pulsing and jetting water with its muscular bell. When disturbed they may hyper-activate and propel themselves away or just stop all movement.

 

 

There's an interesting article, photos and labelled graphics on jellyfish here.
 

Over the past few years I have had several opportunities to photograph a variety of different jellyfish. Most recently in California, Sea Nettles have been seen in the upper Channel Islands as well as the Point Loma kelp beds. Fried Egg Jellies have also been seen in both inshore areas and pelagic settings as we saw while blue water diving.

 

 

In any case jellyfish make for some spectacular and dramatic subjects to
photograph. With a few simple techniques striking photos can be captured with
compact cameras and dSLRs alike. Lighting is essential with any photo and lighting jellies just right can really make them pop with rich color and dimension.

First let's discuss equipment: external strobes are important but handheld
flashlights can also help you achieve to capture the shots you want. Keep in
mind that many of the best jellyfish photos out there are shot in midwater with
wide-angle lenses. That means the potential for backscatter is increased.

 

Jellyfish Strobe Techniques

Sidelighting - Sidelighting your jelly will help it to glow from within. The
jelly’s tissue will radiate the light and colors. To achieve this lower your
strobes to an 8 and 4 o’clock position pointed slightly outward. Move into your
subject as close as possible and compose your shot. Check your LCD and continue.

Change your camera position from landscape to portrait to capture different
effects. You will see nice definition and detail, dramatic contrast and deep
shadows using this method.

Backlighting - I like to use backlighting the most but it isn’t always possible.
The sun or a buddy’s flashlight is best for this method. Again the glow is what
you look for, except here it can be brightened with ambient light. Best near or
at the surface, split photos with interesting backdrops and some very creative
compositions can be achieved with this technique.

At depth, a cooperative dive buddy with a strong light can make a so-so photo
into a showstopper. Combining sidelighting with ambient backlighting is a great way to really bring out the true colors, textures and details of these magnificent creatures.

Toplighting - I prefer to use the top lighting technique with only a single
strobe. I mount my strobe on my long arms, or, I’ll turn one off. I position the
strobe above the subject and compose my photo. This is a great method for
shooting in the blizzard-like conditions we often see on blue water dives.
Toplighting your subject as in an interrogation is a strong way to bring the
light from the top down. This method allows the tentacles to fade out naturally
with the loss of light and can simulate sunshine.

Macro photography and shooting life on a jelly can be extremely rewarding too. These drifting orbs can become ecosystems unto themselves, attracting commensal riders such as crabs, shrimp, larvae stage flatfish and much more. When shooting macro on jellies I prefer to use my 60mm lens as it is more forgiving than my 105mm. The lighting is very much the same either backlit, sidelit, toplit or even snooted. The goal is to highlight the critter on your jelly and to bring out its subtle texture.

 

Modelling - again having a cooperative dive buddy is essential here. Photographing a creature like a jellyfish with a human model will give your shot a whole new perspective. Discussing the shot prior to the dive always helps.

 

Jellyfish encounters at Anacapa Island

Recently while diving the upper Channel Islands, I had a bloom of jellies come by. As we approached our first dive site, about a good two hundred yards offshore when the deckhand says to me, wow look at the jellyfish. I glanced over and saw a beautiful Sea Nettle. I had set my mind that morning to try and find jellyfish but this was more than I could have wished for. The jellies were drifting into the open water channel at a good clip as I quickly geared up. I stepped onto the platform just in time to see a straggling Sea Nettle drift past just before me.

I asked the deckhand Nate to keep an eye on me and slipped into the current just in time behind the chain of jellies. With a few fin kicks I was in position among the bloom, but struggled to find the right buoyancy. With the current whipping these beautiful jellies by me, I quickly began shooting just below the surface, adjusting my strobes, shooting at different angles and using anything I could to gain perspective. All this in the precious few minutes I had, while also spyhopping on the boat. Too soon, I realized I was drifting beyond the comfort range and so reluctantly decided that I had to leave the encounter behind and get back to the boat.

 

A few days later while diving in Point Loma, my buddy and I were graced with
seeing more Sea Nettles except these ones were black - a different variety than
that of the ones I saw in the upper channel. This time I had a buddy with me and quickly my buddy became my model. Fortunately we had discussed this scenario prior to getting in the water and he was very cooperative. The greener waters of Point Loma are rich with marine life and a good variety of jellies can be seen here seasonally.

It is amazing to me to see such a prehistoric animal just drifting along as if in a world of its own, seemingly removed from the progress of evolution. Few things in life are perfect and everything is continually changing. So how is it that a creature that is brainless, bloodless, heartless and blind can remain static for so long and still be stronger then ever?

The ocean and her inhabitants are fascinating and jellyfish are at the top of the list for me. From miniscule to monstrous, encounters with these surreal creatures are always interesting and whenever possible, ample time given to experience their presence and to capture their beauty in your photos will undoubtedly be truly rewarding.

Further Reading

Diving the Channel Islands, California

Giant Purple-striped jellyfish encounter

Lighting techniques with strobes